ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY with Application to Geotechnical Engineering
Geoteknik Mühendisliğine Uygulamalarıyla MÜHENDİSLİK SİSMOLOJİSİ
ÖZ YILMAZ – Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) – 2015
Contents – İçerik
INTRODUCTION
The Seismic Method
The Near-Surface
The Scope of Engineering Seismology
The Outline of This Book
1.0 SEISMIC WAVES
1.1 Body Waves
Seismic Wave Velocities in Rocks
Seismic Wave Velocities in Soils
Body Wave Propagation
Normal-Incidence Reflection and Refraction
The Convolutional Model
Non-normal Incidence Reflection and Refraction
P-to-P and P-to-S Reflection Amplitudes
P-to-P and P-to-S Reflection Traveltimes
Seismic Resolution
1.2 Surface Waves
Rayleigh-Wave Amplitudes
1.3 The Dispersion Spectrum
Plane-Wave Decomposition
Slant-Stack Transformation
The Discrete Radon Transform
1.4 Rayleigh-Wave Dispersion
Effect of Soil-Bedrock Velocity Contrast
Effect of Soil-Column Thickness
Effect of Soil-Column Velocities
Effect of Soil-Column Geometry
Effect of Soil-Column Heterogeneities
Effect of Wave Attenuation
Measuring Pressure Waves on Land
Effect of Topography
Effect of 3-D Recording Geometry
2.0 SEISMIC MODELING OF THE SOIL COLUMN
Shallow Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Source Types
Seismic Recording Systems
Shallow Reflection Seismic Data Processing
2.1 P-Wave Velocity Estimation
Model Experiments
Field Experiments
2.2 Shallow Seismic Imaging
Minivib P-Wave Data
Shotgun P-Wave Data
Minivib SH-Wave Data
Minivib SV-Wave Data
Sparker Pressure-Wave Data
2.3 S-Wave Velocity Estimation
Estimation of S-Wave Velocities: A Brief Review
The USGS Blind Test
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)
Model Experiments
Practical Considerations: Offset Range in Data Acquisition
Practical Considerations: Spatial Sampling in Data Acquisition
Practical Considerations: Lateral Heterogeneity within the Soil Column
Love-Wave Inversion
2.4 Borehole Velocity Measurements
Borehole Seismic Data Acquisition
Borehole Seismic Data Analysis
Comparison of Surface-Seismic and Borehole-Seismic Velocity Estimates
P-S Suspension Logging
2.5 Correlation of Seismic Velocities with Geotechnical Borehole Data
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Geotechnical Borehole Data
Seismic Velocities and Borehole Data
3.0 SITE CHARACTERIZATION
3.1 Case Study 1
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters
3.2 Case Study 2
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters
3.3 Case Study 3
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Structural Interpretation
3.4 Case Study 4
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Interpretation
3.5 Case Study 5
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters
4.0 LANDSLIDE INVESTIGATIONS
4.1 Hydroelectric Dam Project Site
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Interpretation
4.2 Refinery Project Site
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Interpretation
Inclinometer Measurements
4.3 Residential Housing Project Site
Seismic Data Acquisition
Analysis of Data from Seismic Survey 1
Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters
Analysis of Data from Seismic Survey 2
Interpretation
5.0 ACTIVE FAULT INVESTIGATIONS
5.1 Nuclear Power Plant Project
Prestack Signal Processing
Stacking Velocity Analysis and Multiple Attenuation
RMS Velocity Estimation and Prestack Time Migration
Interval Velocity Estimation and Prestack Depth Migration
Interpretation of Structural and Depositional Features
Structural Mapping
Remarks on the Regional Tectonics
Concluding Remarks
5.2 Refinery Project
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Near-Surface Modeling
Prestack Signal Processing
RMS Velocity Estimation and Prestack Time Migration
Imaging in Depth Domain and Structural Interpretation
5.3 Subsea Road Tunnel Project
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Integrated Interpretation of Seismic and Borehole Data
Conclusions
6.0 SEISMIC MICROZONATION
Soil Amplification and Soil-Structure Interaction
Soil Amplification and Local-Site Efiect
6.1 Refraction Seismic Survey
Estimation of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Parameters
Soil-Amplification Analysis
Soil-Structure Interaction
Liquefaction Analysis
6.2 Reflection Seismic Survey
Conclusions
7.0 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS
7.1 The Great Church of St. Sophia
The GPR Survey
The Seismic Survey
Conclusions
7.2 The Mosque of Sultan Mehmet
The GPR Survey in the Main Hall
The GPR Survey in the Fountain Courtyard
The GPR Survey on the Load-Bearing Columns
The Seismic Survey Using the Land Streamer
7.3 The Church of The Holy Savior in Chora
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Geotechnical Borehole Investigation
7.4 The Bridge of Emperor Justinianus
8.0 EXPLORATION OF EARTH RESOURCES
8.1 Groundwater Exploration
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
8.2 Coal Exploration
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Interpretation
8.3 Mineral Exploration
Seismic Data Acquisition
Seismic Data Analysis
Interpretation
8.4 Geothermal Exploration
Appendix A – MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF ELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION
A.1 Stress-Strain Relation
A.2 Elastic Wave Equation
A.3 Compressional Waves
A.4 Shear Waves
Appendix B – ODY WAVES
B.1 P- and S-Wave Propagation
B.2 Diffraction
B.3 Normal-Incidence Reflection and Refraction
B.4 Wave Potentials
B.5 Plane-Wave Solutions
B.6 Non-normal Incidence Reflection and Refraction
Appendix C – SURFACE WAVES
C.1 Guided Waves in Water Layer over a Rigid Half-Space
C.2 Love Waves in an Elastic Layer over a Rigid Half-Space
C.3 Love Waves in an Elastic Layer over an Elastic Half-Space
C.4 Rayleigh Waves in an Elastic Layer over a Rigid Half-Space
C.5 Rayleigh Waves in an Elastic Layer over an Elastic Half-Space
Appendix D – THE DISCRETE RADON TRANSFORM
Appendix E – THE GENERALIZED LINEAR INVERSION
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